| Notes l |
¶ introduced by English-speaking settlers following Anglo-Norman invasion from late 12th century; almost extinct by end 16th century submerged < [50=] Gaeilge and from 17th cent. by New Anglo-Irish or Plantation English, introduced by a second wave of English settlers or 'planters' ⊕ The Pale country, Anglo-Norman and English-occupied eastern Ireland, centered on Dublin (Wexford... Dublin... Drogheda) |