| tawkin-blak, black-american english, afro-american, african-american english, ebonics ; influence ◁ languages brought from Africa by forced immigrants, especially from within 9=Transafrican phylozone; transition ◁ [52=] Caribbean Anglo-Creole and Northamerican General # black is used here as a linguistic term, since patterns of linguistic solidarity have been a response within communities exposed for more than 3 centuries to major social discrimination based only on the relative pigmentation of the human skin (involving forced deportation from Africa; deprivement of freedom, personal name, language, culture and all personal possessions; enslavement and forced labour in the Americas; and frequent denial of basic human rights until modern times) ⊕ including northward and westward migration within North America during 19th and 20th cent. from rural to urban areas |